In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method of infertility treatment where the fertilization of an egg occurs outside the woman's body. The IVF procedure involves several stages:

1. Superovulation: The woman is prescribed medications to stimulate the growth of multiple eggs in one cycle. This increases the chances of successful fertilization.

2. Egg retrieval: Once the eggs reach a certain size, they are extracted from the woman's ovaries using a needle guided through the vagina and under ultrasound control.

3. Fertilization: The man's sperm is mixed with the eggs in a laboratory to achieve fertilization. Several fertilization methods can be used, including conventional IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a sperm is directly injected into an egg.

4. Embryo culture and transfer: The fertilized eggs (embryos) are cultured in the laboratory for several days, and then one or more embryos are transferred into the woman's uterus using a thin catheter.

5. Pregnancy support: After the embryo transfer, the woman may be prescribed medications to support the pregnancy, such as progesterone, to help maintain the pregnancy.

The IVF procedure can be effective for many couples facing infertility issues. However, it can also be costly and requires physical and emotional preparation. The outcomes of IVF can vary for each couple, and pregnancy is not always guaranteed.

To restore endocrine and metabolic disorders in women and increase ovarian reserve, various methods and approaches can be proposed. Some of them include:

1. Treating the underlying condition: If endocrine or metabolic disorders are caused by a specific condition, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid issues, or diabetes, treating that condition may help restore normal ovarian function.

2. Lifestyle changes: Making lifestyle changes, such as adopting a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, reducing stress, and avoiding harmful habits, can positively impact the endocrine system and metabolism.

3. Medications for ovarian stimulation: In cases where the ovarian reserve is insufficient, medications may be prescribed to stimulate egg growth. This can help increase the number of eggs available for fertilization.

4. IVF with donor eggs: In some cases, where the ovarian reserve is extremely low or absent, the use of donor eggs for IVF may be recommended.

5. Vitamins and dietary supplements: Some studies suggest that certain vitamins and dietary supplements may help improve ovarian reserve and function. However, it is essential to consult a doctor before starting any supplements.

Each case is individual, and the approach to restoring endocrine and metabolic disorders in women should be determined by a doctor, taking into account the specific characteristics of each patient.

Various methods and approaches can also be suggested for treating male infertility. Some of them include:

1. Treating the underlying condition: If infertility is caused by a specific condition such as varicocele, infections, or hormonal imbalances, treating that condition may help restore normal reproductive function.

2. Lifestyle changes: Making lifestyle changes such as adopting a healthy diet, engaging in physical activity, reducing stress, and quitting harmful habits can positively affect sperm quality and reproductive function.

3. Medications to stimulate spermatogenesis: In some cases, medications may be prescribed to stimulate sperm production, which can help increase the quantity and quality of sperm.

4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): In cases where the quantity and/or quality of sperm is insufficient for natural conception, the ICSI procedure may be recommended, where sperm is injected directly into the egg.

5. Use of donor sperm: In some cases, when infertility is due to the absence of sperm or the presence of genetic disorders, the use of donor sperm for fertilization may be recommended.

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a method of treating infertility in both men and women. It is a procedure in which sperm is introduced into a woman's uterus during ovulation to increase the likelihood of conception.

IUI may be recommended in cases where a man has issues with sperm quality or quantity, but they are not severe enough to require IVF. This method can also be effective for couples who are unable to conceive naturally.

The IUI procedure includes the following steps:

1. Sperm preparation. The husband's sperm is collected and undergoes special processing to improve its quality.

2. Determining the time of ovulation. The woman must determine her ovulation time using ovulation tests or other methods.

3. Introduction of sperm into the uterus. During ovulation, the woman undergoes an intrauterine injection procedure, where sperm is introduced into her uterus using a special catheter.

4. Rest and observation. After the procedure, the woman is advised to rest for a few minutes and then can return to her normal activities. A pregnancy test is conducted a few weeks after IUI.

IUI can be effective in cases where infertility is caused by issues with the husband's sperm, such as low count or motility. However, this method does not guarantee success and may require several attempts to achieve pregnancy.

It is important to understand that IUI is not suitable for all cases of infertility and may be ineffective if the woman has issues with her eggs or fallopian tubes. This method also has its limitations and risks, so it is necessary to consult with a medical specialist before proceeding.

In conclusion, intrauterine insemination is one of the methods of treating infertility in men and women. It can be effective in certain cases and may be recommended as an alternative to IVF. However, it is essential to consult with a medical specialist and choose the most appropriate treatment method for each specific case.

The IVF program with donor cells (IVF-DC) is a method of infertility treatment where the use of donor eggs or sperm allows a couple to have a child despite their own fertility issues.

In the case of IVF-DC, donor eggs or sperm are used for fertilization outside the body (in a laboratory). The resulting embryos are then transferred to the uterus of the woman who will carry and give birth to the child.

The IVF-DC program may be recommended in the following cases:
- The woman has no eggs or they are of low quality.
- The man has no sperm or they are of low quality.
- The couple has hereditary diseases that they do not want to pass on to their child.
- Previous IVF attempts have not resulted in pregnancy.

The IVF-DC program requires thorough preparation and the consent of both partners. Donor eggs and sperm can be obtained from a donor bank or from a known donor, if permitted by law.

The IVF-DC program is an effective method of infertility treatment, but it can also raise emotional and ethical questions that the couple must be prepared to address. Therefore, it is important to receive support and consultation from a specialist before starting the IVF-DC program.

Surrogacy is a process in which a woman (the surrogate mother) agrees to carry and give birth to a child on behalf of another couple or an individual. In this case, genetic material may be used from one or both intended parents, or from a donor.

Surrogacy may be recommended in the following situations:
- The woman does not have a uterus or has medical issues that prevent her from carrying a pregnancy.
- Previous IVF attempts have not resulted in pregnancy or have ended unsuccessfully.
- The couple has hereditary diseases that they do not want to pass on to their child.

Surrogacy can raise complex emotional and ethical questions, and the couple must be prepared for this. Therefore, it is important to receive support and consultation from a specialist before starting the surrogacy process.

Cryopreservation is the process of freezing biological material at very low temperatures for long-term storage. Sperm and eggs can be cryopreserved for future use in case a person encounters fertility issues or plans to delay pregnancy to a later time.

Cryopreservation of sperm can be beneficial for men undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which may affect the quality and quantity of their sperm. It can also be useful for men working in hazardous conditions or those planning to undergo a vasectomy but wish to retain the possibility of having children in the future.

Cryopreservation of eggs can be advantageous for women who plan to delay pregnancy or who will undergo treatments that may impact the quality and quantity of their eggs. It can also be beneficial for women undergoing surgery to remove their ovaries or those with genetic conditions that may affect their ability to conceive in the future.

The process of cryopreserving sperm and eggs involves collecting the biological material and treating it with special solutions to protect the cells from damage during freezing. The biological material is then placed in special containers and frozen at very low temperatures, typically around -196 degrees Celsius. Special containers filled with liquid nitrogen are used for storage.

When the cryopreserved material is needed, it is thawed and can be used for artificial insemination procedures, such as ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection) or IVF (in vitro fertilization).

Cryopreservation of sperm and eggs is a safe and effective procedure that can help many people achieve their dream of parenthood. However, like any medical procedure, it has its risks and limitations, so it is important to consult with a doctor and discuss all possible consequences before deciding on cryopreservation.

Cryopreservation of embryos is the process of freezing and storing embryos for future use in assisted reproductive procedures. This procedure can be beneficial for couples undergoing infertility treatment or for those who plan to delay pregnancy to a later time.

The process of embryo cryopreservation begins with IVF (in vitro fertilization), where eggs and sperm are combined in laboratory conditions to create an embryo. The embryo then develops for several days to the blastocyst stage, at which point it is ready for cryopreservation.

Special solutions are used for embryo cryopreservation to protect the cells from damage during freezing. The embryos are placed in special containers and frozen at very low temperatures, usually around -196 degrees Celsius. After this, they are stored in special tanks filled with liquid nitrogen.

When the use of cryopreserved embryos is needed, they are thawed and transferred to the woman's uterus to continue the pregnancy.

Embryo cryopreservation is a safe and effective procedure that can help many couples achieve their dream of parenthood. However, like any medical procedure, it has its risks and limitations, so it is important to consult with a doctor and discuss all possible consequences before deciding on cryopreservation.